Vulkan Memory Allocator

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Resource aliasing (overlap)

New explicit graphics APIs (Vulkan and Direct3D 12), thanks to manual memory management, give an opportunity to alias (overlap) multiple resources in the same region of memory - a feature not available in the old APIs (Direct3D 11, OpenGL). It can be useful to save video memory, but it must be used with caution.

For example, if you know the flow of your whole render frame in advance, you are going to use some intermediate textures or buffers only during a small range of render passes, and you know these ranges don't overlap in time, you can bind these resources to the same place in memory, even if they have completely different parameters (width, height, format etc.).

Such scenario is possible using VMA, but you need to create your images manually. Then you need to calculate parameters of an allocation to be made using formula:

- allocation size = max(size of each image)
- allocation alignment = max(alignment of each image)
- allocation memoryTypeBits = bitwise AND(memoryTypeBits of each image)

Following example shows two different images bound to the same place in memory, allocated to fit largest of them.

// A 512x512 texture to be sampled.
VkImageCreateInfo img1CreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO };
img1CreateInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
img1CreateInfo.extent.width = 512;
img1CreateInfo.extent.height = 512;
img1CreateInfo.extent.depth = 1;
img1CreateInfo.mipLevels = 10;
img1CreateInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
img1CreateInfo.format = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB;
img1CreateInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
img1CreateInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
img1CreateInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;
img1CreateInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
// A full screen texture to be used as color attachment.
VkImageCreateInfo img2CreateInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO };
img2CreateInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
img2CreateInfo.extent.width = 1920;
img2CreateInfo.extent.height = 1080;
img2CreateInfo.extent.depth = 1;
img2CreateInfo.mipLevels = 1;
img2CreateInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
img2CreateInfo.format = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
img2CreateInfo.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
img2CreateInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
img2CreateInfo.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;
img2CreateInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
VkImage img1;
res = vkCreateImage(device, &img1CreateInfo, nullptr, &img1);
VkImage img2;
res = vkCreateImage(device, &img2CreateInfo, nullptr, &img2);
VkMemoryRequirements img1MemReq;
vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, img1, &img1MemReq);
VkMemoryRequirements img2MemReq;
vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, img2, &img2MemReq);
VkMemoryRequirements finalMemReq = {};
finalMemReq.size = std::max(img1MemReq.size, img2MemReq.size);
finalMemReq.alignment = std::max(img1MemReq.alignment, img2MemReq.alignment);
finalMemReq.memoryTypeBits = img1MemReq.memoryTypeBits & img2MemReq.memoryTypeBits;
// Validate if(finalMemReq.memoryTypeBits != 0)
VmaAllocationCreateInfo allocCreateInfo = {};
allocCreateInfo.preferredFlags = VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT;
VmaAllocation alloc;
res = vmaAllocateMemory(allocator, &finalMemReq, &allocCreateInfo, &alloc, nullptr);
res = vmaBindImageMemory(allocator, alloc, img1);
res = vmaBindImageMemory(allocator, alloc, img2);
// You can use img1, img2 here, but not at the same time!
vmaFreeMemory(allocator, alloc);
vkDestroyImage(allocator, img2, nullptr);
vkDestroyImage(allocator, img1, nullptr);
vmaFreeMemory
void vmaFreeMemory(VmaAllocator allocator, VmaAllocation allocation)
Frees memory previously allocated using vmaAllocateMemory(), vmaAllocateMemoryForBuffer(),...
vmaBindImageMemory
VkResult vmaBindImageMemory(VmaAllocator allocator, VmaAllocation allocation, VkImage image)
Binds image to allocation.
vmaAllocateMemory
VkResult vmaAllocateMemory(VmaAllocator allocator, const VkMemoryRequirements *pVkMemoryRequirements, const VmaAllocationCreateInfo *pCreateInfo, VmaAllocation *pAllocation, VmaAllocationInfo *pAllocationInfo)
General purpose memory allocation.
VmaAllocationCreateInfo
Parameters of new VmaAllocation.
Definition vk_mem_alloc.h:1291
VmaAllocationCreateInfo::preferredFlags
VkMemoryPropertyFlags preferredFlags
Flags that preferably should be set in a memory type chosen for an allocation.
Definition vk_mem_alloc.h:1309
VmaAllocation
Represents single memory allocation.

VMA also provides convenience functions that create a buffer or image and bind it to memory represented by an existing VmaAllocation: vmaCreateAliasingBuffer(), vmaCreateAliasingBuffer2(), vmaCreateAliasingImage(), vmaCreateAliasingImage2(). Versions with "2" offer additional parameter `allocationLocalOffset`.

Remember that using resources that alias in memory requires proper synchronization. You need to issue a memory barrier to make sure commands that use `img1` and `img2` don't overlap on GPU timeline. You also need to treat a resource after aliasing as uninitialized - containing garbage data. For example, if you use `img1` and then want to use `img2`, you need to issue an image memory barrier for `img2` with `oldLayout` = `VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED`.

Additional considerations:

- Vulkan also allows to interpret contents of memory between aliasing resources consistently in some cases. See chapter 11.8. "Memory Aliasing" of Vulkan specification or `VK_IMAGE_CREATE_ALIAS_BIT` flag.
- You can create more complex layout where different images and buffers are bound at different offsets inside one large allocation. For example, one can imagine a big texture used in some render passes, aliasing with a set of many small buffers used between in some further passes. To bind a resource at non-zero offset in an allocation, use vmaBindBufferMemory2() / vmaBindImageMemory2().
- Before allocating memory for the resources you want to alias, check `memoryTypeBits` returned in memory requirements of each resource to make sure the bits overlap. Some GPUs may expose multiple memory types suitable e.g. only for buffers or images with `COLOR_ATTACHMENT` usage, so the sets of memory types supported by your resources may be disjoint. Aliasing them is not possible in that case.