\ProvidesFile{pglayout.tex}[2003/02/27 KOMA-Script manual,english]
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% Module:                         pglayout.tex
% Translation by:                 Colin Marquardt (CM)
%                                   <colin@marquardt-home.de>
% Contents:                       Construction of the page layout with
%                                 \Package{typearea.sty}
% Language:                       English
% Charset of comments:            US-ASCII
% Translation of german file:     satzspgl.tex
% Date of translated german file: 2003-02-27
%

\chapter{Construction of the Page Layout with \Package{typearea}}
\label{cha:typearea}

\section{Fundamentals of Page Layout}

\begin{Explain}
  If you look at a single page of a book or other prints, you will see
  that it consists of top, foot, left and right margins, a (running)
  head area, the text block and a (running) foot area.  Looking
  closer, there is space between the head area and the text block
  and between the text block and the foot area. The relations
  between these areas are called \emph{page layout}.

  The literature offers and discusses different algorithms and
  heuristic approaches for constructing a good page layout.  Often,
  they are mentioning an approach which involves diagonals and their
  intersections. The result is a page where the text block
  proportions relate to the proportions of the \emph{page}.  In a
  single-sided document, the left and the right margin should have
  equal widths.
  The relation of the upper margin to the lower margin should
  be 1\(:\)2. In a double-sided document (e.\,g. a book) however,
  the inner margin (the margin at the spine) should be the same as
  each of the two outer margins.

  In the previous paragraph, we mentioned and emphasized the
  \emph{page}. Erroneously, often it is thought that the format of
  the page would be the format of the paper. However, if you look at
  a bound document, it is obvious that part of the paper vanishes in
  the binding and is not part of the visible page. But the format of
  the paper is not important for the layout of a page, it is the
  impression of the visible page to the reader. Therefore, it is
  clear that the calculation if the page layout must account for the
  ``lost'' paper in the binding and add this amount to the width of
  the inner margin. This is called \emph{binding correction}.

  The binding correction depends on the process of actually
  producing the document and thus can not be calculated in general.
  Every production process needs its own parameter. In professional
  binding, this parameter is not too important since the printing is
  done on oversized paper which is then cropped to the right size.
  The cropping is done in a way so that the relations for the
  visible double-sided page are as explained above.

  Now we know about the relation of the individual parts of a page.
  However, we do not know about the width and the height of the
  text block yet. Once we know one of these values, we can calculate
  all the other values from the paper format and the page format or
  the binding correction.
  \begin{eqnarray*}
    \Var{textblock~heigth} : \Var{textblock~width} &=&
    \Var{page~height} : \Var{page~width}\\
%
    \Var{page~width} &=& \Var{paper~width} - \Var{binding~correction}\\
%
    \Var{top~margin} + \Var{foot~margin} &=&
    \Var{page~height} - \Var{textblock~height} \\
%
    \Var{top~margin} : \Var{foot~margin} &=& 1 : 2 \\
%
    \Var{left~margin} : \Var{right~margin} &=& 1 : 1 \\
%
    \Var{half~inner~margin} &=&
    \frac{1}{2}\Var{outer~margin} + \Var{binding~correction} \\
  \end{eqnarray*}
  The values \Var{left~margin} and \Var{right~margin} are only
  existent in a single-sided document while \Var{inner~margin} and
  \Var{outer~margin} are only existent in a double-sided document.  In
  these equations, we work with \Var{half~inner~margin} since the full
  inner margin belongs to a double-page. Thus, one page has half of
  the inner margin.

  The question of the width of the textblock is also discussed in
  the literature. The optimum width depends on several factors:
  \begin{itemize}
  \item size, width, type of the used font % !!!
  \item line spacing % !!!
  \item word length
  \item available room
  \end{itemize}
  The importance of the font becomes clear once you think about
  serifs. Serifs are fine lines % !!!
  finishing off the letters. Letters whose main strokes are running
  orthogonal to the text line are disturbing the flow more than they
  are leading the eye along the line. These letters have serifs at
  the end of the vertical strokes, however, so the horizontal serifs
  lead the eye horizontally too. In addition, it helps the eye to
  find the beginning of the next line. Thus, the line length for a
  serif font can be slightly longer than for a non-serif font.

  In \LaTeX{}, the line spacing is about 20\% of the font
  size. With commands like \Macro{linespread} or, better, packages like
  \Package{setspace} the line spacing can be changed. A wider line
  spacing helps the eye to follow the line. A very wide line
  spacing, on the other hand, disturbs reading because the eye has
  to move a wide distance between lines. Also, the reader gets
  uncomfortable because of the visible stripe effect. The uniform
  gray value of the page gets spoiled. Still, with a wider line
  spacing, the lines can be longer.

  Literature gives different values for good line lengths, depending
  on the author. To some extent, this is due to the native language
  of the author. Since the eye jumps from word to word, short words
  make this task easier. Not considering language and font, a line
  length of 60 to 70 letters including spaces and
  punctuation is a usable compromise. This requires well-chosen line
  spacing, but \LaTeX{}'s default is usually good enough.

  Before looking at the actual construction of the page layout,
  there are some minor things to know. \LaTeX{} doesn't start the
  first line of the text block at the upper edge of the text block,
  but with a defined distance. Also, \LaTeX{} knows the commands
  \Macro{raggedbottom} and \Macro{flushbottom}. \Macro{raggedbottom}
  specifies that the last line of a page should be positioned
  wherever it was calculated. This means that the position of this
  line can be different on each page, up to the height of one line.
  In double-sided documents this is usually unwanted.
  \Macro{flushbottom} makes sure that the last line is always at the
  lower edge of the text block. To achieve this, \LaTeX{} sometimes
  needs to stretch vertical glue more than allowed. Paragraph skip
  is such a stretchable, vertical glue, even when set to zero.  In
  order not to stretch the paragraph skip on normal pages where it
  is the only stretchable glue, the height of the text block should
  be a multiple of the height of the text line, including the
  distance from the upper edge of the text block to the first line.

  This concludes the introduction to page layout as handled by
  \KOMAScript. Now, we can begin with the actual construction.\par
\end{Explain}


\section{Page layout construction by Dividing}
\label{sec:typearea.divConstruction}

\begin{Explain}

  The easiest way to make sure that the text area has the same
  ratios as the page is as follows: First, you subtract the
  binding correction \Var{BCOR} from the inner edge of the paper.
  Then you divide the rest of the page vertically into
  \Var{DIV} rows of equal height. Next, you divide the page
  horizontally into the same number (\Var{DIV}) of columns.  Then you
  take the uppermost row as the upper margin and the two lowermost
  rows as the lower margin. If you print double-sided, you also take
  the innermost column as the inner margin and the two outermost
  columns as the outer margin. Then, you add the binding correction
  \Var{BCOR} to the inner margin. The remainder of
  the page is the text area. The width and the height of the text area result
  automatically from the number of rows and columns \Var{DIV}. Since
  the margins always need three rows/columns, \Var{DIV} must
  be necessarily greater than three.

  In \KOMAScript, this kind of construction is implemented in the
  \Package{typearea} package. For A4 paper, \Var{DIV} is predefined
  according to the font size (see \autoref{tab:typearea.div}).  If there is
  no binding correction (\(\Var{BCOR} = 0\Unit{pt}\)), the results
  roughly match the values of \autoref{tab:typearea.typearea}.

  In addition to the predefined values, you can specify \Var{BCOR}
  and \Var{DIV} as options when loading the package (see
  \autoref{sec:typearea.options}). There is also a command to
  explicitly calculate the type area by providing these values as
  parameters (also see \autoref{sec:typearea.options}).

  The \Package{typearea} package can determine the optimal value
  of \Var{DIV} for the font used automatically.  Again, see
  \autoref{sec:typearea.options}.\par
\end{Explain}


\section{Page layout construction by drawing a circle}
\label{sec:typearea.circleConstruction}

\begin{Explain}
  In addition to the construction method previously described, a somewhat
  more classical method can be found in the literature. Aim of this method is
  not only identical ratios in the page proportions, but it is considered
  optimal when the height of the text block is the same a the width of the
  page. The exact method is described in \cite{JTsch87}.

  A disadvantage of this late dark age method is that the width of
  the text area is not dependent on the font anymore. Thus, one
  doesn't choose the text area to match the font, but the author or
  typesetter has to choose the font according to the text area. This
  can be considered a ``must''.

  In the \Package{typearea} package this construction is changed
  slightly. By using a special (normally senseless) \Var{DIV} value
  or a special package option, a \Var{DIV} value is chosen to match
  the perfect values as closely as possible. See also
  \autoref{sec:typearea.options}.\par
\end{Explain}


\section{Options and macros to influence the page layout}
\label{sec:typearea.options}

The package \Package{typearea} offers two different user interfaces to
influence type area construction. The first method is to load the
package with options. For information on how to load packages and to
give package options, please refer to the \LaTeX{} literature, e.g.
\cite{lshort} and \cite{latex:usrguide}, or the examples given here.
Since the \Package{typearea} package is loaded automatically when
using the \KOMAScript{} main classes, the package options can be given
as class options (see \autoref{sec:maincls.options}).

\begin{Declaration}
  \Option{BCOR}\PName{Correction}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Option}{BCOR}%
With the \Option{BCOR}\PName{Correction} option you specify the
absolute value of the binding correction, i.e., the width of the area
that is used for the binding, thus ``lost'' from the paper width.

This value will be used in the layout calculation automatically and
will be added to the inner or left margin respectively. You can use
any valid \TeX{} unit for \PName{Correction}.

\begin{Example}
Assume you want to produce a financial report, which is to be
printed on A4 paper and bound in a folder. The rim of the folder
covers \(7{,}5\Unit{mm}\). Since the report is thin, only an
additional \(0{,}75\Unit{mm}\) are lost by folding when leafing
through the pages. You would use the following commands:
\begin{verbatim}
  \documentclass[a4paper]{report}
  \usepackage[BCOR8.25mm]{typearea}
\end{verbatim}
or, using a \KOMAScript-class:
\begin{verbatim}
  \documentclass[a4paper,BCOR8.25mm]{scrreprt}
\end{verbatim}
\end{Example}

Please note: if you use one of the \KOMAScript{} classes, this option
must be given as a class option. If you use another class, this only
works if the class has explicit support for typearea. So when using
the standard classes, you need to give the option when you load
\Package{typearea}. You can also use \Macro{PassOptionsToPackage}
(see \cite{latex:clsguide}) before you are loading
\Package{typearea}, this always works.
%
\EndIndex{Option}{BCOR}


\begin{Declaration}
  \Option{DIV}\PName{Factor}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Option}{DIV}%
\Option{DIV}\PName{Factor} defines the number of stripes the page
is split into when the page layout is constructed. The exact
method can be found in \autoref{sec:typearea.divConstruction},
but the most important thing is: the higher \PName{Factor}, the
bigger the resulting text area, and the smaller the margins. For
\PName{Factor}, you can use any integer value larger than 4.
Please note that depending on your other options a very high value
for \PName{Factor} can result in problems:  For instance, in
extreme cases, the running title might be outside the actual page
area. So if you use \Option{DIV}\PName{Factor}, it is your own
responsibility to choose a typographically acceptable line length
and to pay attention to the other parameters.

In \autoref{tab:typearea.typearea} you'll find some page layout
values for the page format A4 without binding correction, with
varying \Var{DIV} factors. Font size is not taken into account.

\begin{table}
  \centering
  \begin{tabular}{c|cc|cc}
        & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{Text area} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Margins}\\
    \emph{DIV}& Width [mm] & Height [mm] & upper [mm] & inner [mm] \\
    \hline\rule{0pt}{2.7ex}%
    6  & 105,00 & 148,50 & 49,50 & 35,00 \\
    7  & 120,00 & 169,71 & 42,43 & 30,00 \\
    8  & 131,25 & 185,63 & 37,13 & 26,25 \\
    9  & 140,00 & 198,00 & 33,00 & 23,33 \\
    10 & 147,00 & 207,90 & 29,70 & 21,00 \\
    11 & 152,73 & 216,00 & 27,00 & 19,09 \\
    12 & 157,50 & 222,75 & 24,75 & 17,50 \\
    13 & 161,54 & 228,46 & 22,85 & 16,15 \\
    14 & 165,00 & 233,36 & 21,21 & 15,00 \\
    15 & 168,00 & 237,60 & 19,80 & 14,00 \\
  \end{tabular}
  \caption{Page layout values depending on  \Var{DIV} for A4}
  \label{tab:typearea.typearea}
\end{table}

\begin{Example}
  Imagine you are writing meeting minutes with the
  \Class{protocol}\footnote{The class \Class{protocol} is
    hypothetical. This manual considers the ideal case where you have
    a special class for every use.}-class.  The whole thing is supposed to
  be double sided.  In your company, the Bookman font in 12\Unit{pt}
  is used.  This standard PostScript font is activated in {\LaTeX}
  with the command \Macro{usepackage}\Parameter{bookman}.  Bookman runs very
  wide, that means, the characters are wide in relation to its
  height.  Because of that, the default for the \Var{DIV} value in
  \Package{typearea} is too small for you. Instead of 12, you want 15.
  The minutes will not be bound but punched and filed into a folder,
  so you don't need any binding correction. Thus, you write:
  \begin{small}
\begin{verbatim}
  \documentclass[a4paper,twoside]{protocol}
  \usepackage{bookman}
  \usepackage[DIV15]{typearea}
\end{verbatim}
  \end{small}
  After you are done you get told that the minutes are collected and
  bound as a book by the end of the year. The binding is done as a
  simple glue binding in a copy shop, since it is done just for ISO\,9000
  anyway and nobody will ever bother to look at the minutes again. For
  binding you need \(12\Unit{mm}\) in average.  So you change the options
  for \Package{typearea} accordingly and use the ISO\,9000 document class:
  \begin{small}
\begin{verbatim}
  \documentclass[a4paper,twoside]{iso9000p}
  \usepackage{bookman}
  \usepackage[DIV15,BCOR12mm]{typearea}
\end{verbatim}
  \end{small}
  Of course, you can also use a \KOMAScript{} class here:
\begin{small}
\begin{verbatim}
  \documentclass[a4paper,twoside,DIV15,BCOR12mm]{scrartcl}
  \usepackage{bookman}
\end{verbatim}
\end{small}
\end{Example}
%
Please note: if you use one of the \KOMAScript{} classes, 
\Option{BCOR} must
be given as a class option. If you use another class, this only
works if the class has explicit support for typearea. So when
using the standard classes, you need to give \Option{BCOR} when you load
\Package{typearea}. You can use \Macro{PassOptionsToPackage}
(see \cite{latex:clsguide}) too before you are loading
\Package{typearea}, this always works.
%
\EndIndex{Option}{DIV}

\begin{Declaration}
  \Option{DIVcalc}\\
  \Option{DIVclassic}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Option}{DIVcalc}%
\BeginIndex{Option}{DIVclassic}%
As mentioned in \autoref{sec:typearea.divConstruction}, only
paper format A4 has fixed defaults for the \Var{DIV} value. These
are listed in \autoref{tab:typearea.div}. If you choose a
different paper format, \Package{typearea} calculates a good
\Var{DIV} value itself. Of course, you can also have it calculate
that for A4: use \Option{DIVcalc} instead of
\Option{DIV}\PName{Factor}. This works for all other paper formats
as well. If you want to use the automatic calculation, this is
even very useful, since you can then override the defaults that
are given in a configuration file (see
\autoref{sec:typearea.cfg}) with this option.

\begin{table}
  \centering
  \begin{tabular}{lccc}
    Base font size: & 10\Unit{pt} & 11\Unit{pt} & 12\Unit{pt} \\
    \Var{DIV}:           &   8  &  10  &  12  \\
  \end{tabular}
  \caption{\label{tab:typearea.div}\PName{DIV} defaults for A4}
\end{table}

The classic construction method as described in
\autoref{sec:typearea.circleConstruction} can also be selected
(with the difference that a good \Var{DIV} value is chosen).  In
this case, instead of \Option{DIV}\PName{Factor} or
\Option{DIVcalc}, use the option \Option{DIVclassic}.

\begin{Example}
  In the example for \Option{DIV}\PName{Factor} which used the
  Bookman font, there was the problem that we needed a \Var{DIV}
  value which suited the font better. As a modification of the first
  example, this calculation can be left to \Package{typearea}:
\begin{small}
\begin{verbatim}
  \documentclass[a4paper,twoside]{protocol}
  \usepackage{bookman}
  \usepackage[DIVcalc]{typearea}
\end{verbatim}
\end{small}
\end{Example}


\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{typearea}\OParameter{BCOR}\Parameter{DIV}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{typearea}%
If you followed the examples till here, you'll ask yourself how
one can make the calculation of \Var{DIV} depend on the selected
font when one uses one of the \KOMAScript{} classes. Then the
options to \Package{typearea} would have to be made before loading
the e.g. \Package{bookman} package. In this case,
\Package{typearea} could only calculate the page layout for the
standard font, but not for the Bookman font which is really
used.  After evaluating the options, \Package{typearea}
calculates the page layout by using the
\Macro{typearea}\OParameter{BCOR}\Parameter{DIV} command.  Here,
the chosen \Var{BCOR} value is given as an optional parameter and
\Var{DIV} as a parameter. With the option \Option{DIVcalc}, the
(normally invalid) value~\(1\) is given; with the option
\Option{DIVclassic} the (normally invalid) value~\(3\). You can
also call \Macro{typearea} explicitly in the preamble.

\begin{Example}
Let us assume again that we want to calculate a good page layout
for the Bookman font. We also want to use a \KOMAScript{} class.
This is possible using the \Macro{typearea}-command with
\Option{DIVcalc} = 1 as \PName{DIV}-parameter:
\begin{small}
\begin{verbatim}
  \documentclass[a4paper,BCOR12mm,DIVcalc,twoside]{scrartcl}
  \usepackage{bookman}
  \typearea[12mm]{1}% same as class options above
\end{verbatim}
\end{small}
\end{Example}

It would be ridiculous if one had to use the
\Macro{typearea}-command with some pseudo-values, while the
\Option{DIV}-Option allows the use of \Option{DIVcalc} and
\Option{DIVclassic}. Thus the \Macro{typearea} also accepts
symbolic values for the parameter \PName{DIV}:
\begin{labeling}[\ --]{\PValue{classic}}
\item [\PValue{calc}] re-calculate page layout and determine
  \Var{DIV}.
\item [\PValue{classic}] re-calculate page layout using the classical
  method (circle) .
\item [\PValue{current}] re-calculate page layout with current value
  of \Var{DIV}.
\item [\PValue{default}] re-calculate page layout with default values
  for the current page- and font size. If no default values exist,
  apply \PValue{calc}.
\item [\PValue{last}] re-calculate page layout using the same
  \PName{DIV}-argument, which was set last time.
\end{labeling}
The \Macro{typearea} also understands the following symbolic values for
the parameter \PName{BCOR}. Thus it is not neccesary to re-enter
the current value.
\begin{labeling}[\ --]{\PValue{classic}}
  \item [\PValue{current}] Re-calculate page layout using the current
        value for \Var{BCOR}.
\end{labeling}

\begin{Example}
Thus calculating a good page layout for the Bookman font and a
\KOMAScript-class is easy when we use symbolic parameter values
for \PName{BCOR} and \PName{DIV}:
\begin{small}
\begin{verbatim}
  \documentclass[a4paper,BCOR12mm,DIVcalc,twoside]{scrartcl}
  \usepackage{bookman}
  \typearea[current]{calc}
\end{verbatim}
\end{small}
If we want to use a fixed value for \Var{DIV} we can use either:
\begin{small}
\begin{verbatim}
  \documentclass[a4paper,BCOR12mm,DIV11,twoside]{scrartcl}
  \usepackage{bookman}
  \typearea[current]{current}
\end{verbatim}
\end{small}
or the old method:
\begin{small}
\begin{verbatim}
  \documentclass[a4paper,twoside]{scrartcl}
  \usepackage{bookman}
  \typearea[12mm]{11}
\end{verbatim}
\end{small}
In the end it is a matter of personal taste which of these solution you
want to use.
\end{Example}

Frequently the re-calculation of the page layout is necessary
because the line spacing was changed. Since it is essential that
an integer number of lines fit into the text area, any change in
line spacing requires a re-calculation of page layout.

\begin{Example}
Assume you want to write a thesis and university regulations
require a font size of 10\Unit{pt} and a line spacing of
2\Unit{pt}. Thus a stretch-factor of 1.25 is required. Let us
also assume that \PName{BCOR} = 12\Unit{mm}. Then you might use:
\begin{small}
\begin{verbatim}
  \documentclass[10pt,BCOR12mm,DIVcalc,twoside]{scrreprt}
  \linespread{1.25}\selectfont
  \typearea[current]{calc}
\end{verbatim}
\end{small}\IndexCmd{linespread}
The command \Macro{selectfont} is required here in order to
activate the new line spacing before the page layout is
calculated.

The same example again, using the \Package{setspace}-package:
\begin{small}
\begin{verbatim}
  \documentclass[10pt,BCOR12mm,DIVcalc,twoside]{scrreprt}
  \usepackage{setspace}
  \onehalfspacing
  \typearea[current]{calc}
\end{verbatim}
\end{small}
Using the \Package{setspace}-package simplifies things, because
you no longer need to calculate the correct stretch-factor, and
you no longer need the \Macro{selectfont}-macro.

In this context it is appropriate to point out that the line
spacing should be reset for the title page. A complete example
therefore would look like this:
\begin{small}
\begin{verbatim}
  \documentclass[10pt,BCOR12mm,DIVcalc,twoside]{scrreprt}
  \usepackage{setspace}
  \onehalfspacing
  \typearea[current]{calc}
  \begin{document}
  \title{Title}
  \author{Markus Kohm}
  \begin{spacing}{1}
    \maketitle
    \tableofcontents
  \end{spacing}
  \chapter{Ok}
  \end{document}
\end{verbatim}
\end{small}
See also the notes in \autoref{sec:typearea.tips}.
\end{Example}

\begin{Explain}
The command \Macro{typearea} is currently defined in such a way
that it is possible to change the page layout in the middle of a
text. This however makes assumptions about the inner workings of
the \LaTeX-kernel and changes some internal values and
definitions of that kernel. There is some probability, but no
guarantee that this will also work in future versions of \LaTeX.
It must be assumed that this method will not give correct results
in \LaTeX3. However, as author of \KOMAScript{} I expect
considerable incompatibilities when we change to \LaTeX3.\par
\end{Explain}
\EndIndex{Cmd}{typearea}
\EndIndex{Option}{DIVclassic}%
\EndIndex{Option}{DIVcalc}

\begin{Declaration}
  \Option{headinclude}\\
  \Option{headexclude}\\
  \Option{footinclude}\\
  \Option{footexclude}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Option}{headinclude}%
\BeginIndex{Option}{headexclude}%
\BeginIndex{Option}{footinclude}%
\BeginIndex{Option}{footexclude}%
\begin{Explain}%

So far we have discussed how the page layout is calculated and
what the ratios are between the borders and between borders and
text area. However, one important question has not been answered:
What constitutes the borders? This question appears trivial:
Borders are those parts on the right, left, top and bottom which
remain empty. But this is only half of it. Borders are not always
empty. There could be marginals, for example (for the
\Macro{marginpar}-command refer to \cite{l2kurz} or
\autoref{sec:maincls.marginNotes}).

One could also ask, whether headers and footers belong to the upper
and lower borders or to the text. This can not be answered
unambiguously. Of course an empty footer or header belong to the
borders, since they can not be distinguished from the rest of the
border. A header or footer, that contains only a page number, will
optically appear more like border. For the optical appearance it is
not important whether headers or footers are easily recognised as such
during reading.  Important is only, how a well filled page appears
when viewed out of focus. You could use the glasses of your
far-sighted grand parents, or, lacking those, adjust your vision to
infinity and look at the page with one eye only. Those wearing
spectacles will find this much easier, of course.  If the footer
contains not only the page number, but other material like a copyright
notice, it will optically appear more like a part of the text body.
This needs to be taken into account when calculating text layout.

For the header this is even more complicated. The header frequently
contains running heads \Index[indexmain]{running head}.  In case of
running heads with long chapter and section titles the header lines
will be very long and appear to be part of the text body.  This effect
becomes even more significant when the header contains not only the
chapter or section title but also the page number. With material on
the right and left side, the header will no longer appear as empty
border. If the length of the titles varies, the header may appear as
border on one page and as text on another.  However, this pages should
not be treated differently under any circumstances, as this would lead
to jumping headers. In this case it is probably best to count the
header with the text.

The decision is easy when text and header or footer are separated
from the text body by a line. This will give a ``closed''
appearance and header or footer become part of the text body.
Remember: It is irrelevant that the line improves the optical
separation of text and header or footer, important is only the
appearance when viewed out of focus.
\end{Explain}

The \Package{typearea}-package can not make the decision whether
or not to count headers and footers to the text body or the
border. Options \Option{headinclude} and \Option{footinclude}
cause the header or footer to be counted as text, options
\Option{headexclude} and \Option{footexclude} cause them to be
counted as border. If you are unsure about the correct setting,
re-read above explanations. Default is usually
\Option{headexclude} and \Option{footexclude}., but this can
change depending on \KOMAScript-class and \KOMAScript-packages used
(see section ~\ref{sec:maincls.options} and \ref{cha:scrpage}).
%
\EndIndex{Option}{headinclude}%
\EndIndex{Option}{headexclude}%
\EndIndex{Option}{footinclude}%
\EndIndex{Option}{footexclude}%

\begin{Declaration}
  \Option{mpinclude}\\
  \Option{mpexclude}
\end{Declaration}
\BeginIndex{Option}{mpinclude}%
\BeginIndex{Option}{mpexclude}%
Besides\ChangedAt{v2.8q}{\Class{scrbook}\and \Class{scrreprt}\and
  \Class{scrartcl}} documents where the head and foot is part
  of the text area, there are also documents where the margin-note
  area must be counted to the text body as well.
  The option \Option{mpinclude} does exactly this.
  The effect is that one width-unit of the text-body is taken for
  the margin-note area.
  Using option \Option{mpexclude}, the default setting,
  then the normal margin is used for the margin-note area.
  The width of that area is one or one and a half width-unit,
  depending on whether one-side or two-side page layout
  has been chosen.
  The option \Option{mpinclude} is mainly for experts and so
  not recommended.
  
\begin{Explain}
In the cases where the option \Option{mpinclude} is used
often a wider margin-note area is required.
In many cases not the whole margin-note width should be part
of the text area, for example if the margin is used for quotations.
Such quotations are typeset as ragged text with the flushed
side where the text body is.
Since ragged text gives no homogeneous optical impression
the long lines can reach right into the normal margin.
This can be done using option \Option{mpinclude} and
by an enlargement of length \Length{marginparwidth} after
the type-area has been setup.
The length can be easily enlarged with the command
\Macro{addtolength}.
How much the the length has to be enlarged depends on the
special situation and it requires some flair.
Therefore the option is primarily for experts.
Of course one can setup the margin-width to reach
a third right into the normal margin, for example
using \Macro{setlength}\PParameter{\Length{marginparwidth}}%
\PParameter{1.5\Length{marginparwidth}} gives the desired result.

Currently there is no option to enlarge the margin by a
given amount.
The only solution is that the option \Option{mpinclude}
is not used, but after the type-area has been calculated
one reduces the width of the text-body \Length{textwidth}
and enlarges the margin width \Length{marginparwidth}
by the same amount.
Unfortunately, this can not be attended when automatic
calculation of the \PName{DIV} value is used.
In contrast \Option{DIVcalc}\IndexOption{DIVcalc} heeds
\Option{mpinclude}.
\end{Explain}
%
\EndIndex{Option}{mpinclude}%
\EndIndex{Option}{mpexclude}%


\begin{Declaration}
  \PName{Value}\Option{headlines}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Option}{headlines}%
We have seen how to calculate the text layout and how to specify
whether header and footer are part of the text body or the
borders. However, we still have to specify the height in
particular of the header. This is achieved with the option
\Option{headlines}, which is preceded by the number of lines in
the header. \Package{typearea} uses a default of 1.25. This is a
compromise, large enough for underlined headers (see
\autoref{sec:maincls.options}) and small enough that the
relative weight of the top border is not affected to much when
the header is not underlined. Thus in most cases you may leave
\Option{headlines} at its default value and adapt it only in
special cases.

\begin{Example}
 Assume that you want to use a 2-line header. Normally this would
 result in a "`\texttt{overfull} \Macro{vbox}"' warning for each
 page. To prevent this from hapening, the
 \Package{typearea}-package is told to calculate an appropriate
 page layout:
\begin{small}
\begin{verbatim}
  \documentclass[a4paper]{article}
  \usepackage[2.1headlines]{typearea}
\end{verbatim}
\end{small}
If you use a \KOMAScript-class this must be given as a class-option:
\begin{small}
\begin{verbatim}
  \documentclass[a4paper,2.1headlines]{scrartcl}
\end{verbatim}
\end{small}
A tool that can be used to define the contents of a header with 2
lines is described in \autoref{cha:scrpage}.
\end{Example}

If you use a \KOMAScript-class, this option must be given as
class-option. With other classes this works only, if these
classes explicitly supports \Package{typearea}. If you use the
standard classes, the option must be given when loading
\Package{typearea}. \Macro{PassOptionsToPackage} will work in
both cases (see also \cite{latex:clsguide}).
%
\EndIndex{Option}{headlines}

\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{areaset}\OParameter{BCOR}\Parameter{Width}\Parameter{Height}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{areaset}%
So far we have seen how a good or even very good page layout is
calculated and how the \Package{typearea}-package can support these
calculations, giving you at the same time the freedom to adapt the
layout to your needs.  However, there are cases where the text body
has to fit exactly into specified dimensions. At the same time the
borders should be well spaced and a binding correction should be
possible. The \Package{typearea}-package offers the command
\Macro{areaset} for this purpose. As parameters this command accepts
the binding correction and the width and height of the text body.
Width and position of the borders will then be calculated
automatically, taking account of the options \Option{headinclude},
\Option{headexclude}, \Option{footinclude} and \Option{footexclude}
where needed.

\begin{Example}
Assume a text, printed on A4 paper, should have a width of
exactly 60 characters of typewriter-font and a height of exactly
30 lines. This could be achieved as follows:
\begin{verbatim}
  \documentclass[a4paper,11pt]{article}
  \usepackage{typearea}
  \newlength{\CharsDX}% Width of 60 characters
  \newlength{\LinesXXX}% Height of 30 lines
  \settowidth{\CharsDX}{\texttt{1234567890}}
  \setlength{\CharsDX}{6\CharsDX}
  \setlength{\LinesXXX}{\topskip}
  \addtolength{\LinesXXX}{30\baselineskip}
  \areaset{\CharsDX}{\LinesXXX}
\end{verbatim}

\item A poetry book with a square text body with a page length of
  \(15\Unit{cm}\) and a binding correction of \(1\Unit{cm}\) could be
  achieved like this:
\begin{verbatim}
  \documentclass{gedichte}
  \usepackage{typearea}
  \areaset[1cm]{15cm}{15cm}
\end{verbatim}
\end{Example}
\EndIndex{Cmd}{areaset}


\section{Options and macros for paper format selection}
\label{sec:typearea.paperTypes}

\Index{paper format}%
The \LaTeX standard classes support the options \Option{a4paper},
\Option{a5paper}, \Option{b5paper}, \Option{letterpaper},
\Option{legalpaper} and \Option{executivepaper}.
\begin{Declaration}
  \Option{letterpaper} \\
  \Option{legalpaper} \\
  \Option{executivepaper} \\
  \Option{a\Var{X}paper} \\
  \Option{b\Var{X}paper} \\
  \Option{c\Var{X}paper} \\
  \Option{d\Var{X}paper} \\
  \Option{landscape} \\
  \Macro{isopaper}\OParameter{series}\Parameter{number}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Option}{letterpaper}
\BeginIndex{Option}{legalpaper}
\BeginIndex{Option}{executivepaper}
\BeginIndex{Option}{a0paper}
\BeginIndex{Option}{b0paper}
\BeginIndex{Option}{c0paper}
\BeginIndex{Option}{d0paper}
\BeginIndex{Option}{landscape}
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{isopaper}%
The three American formats are supported by \Package{typearea}
in the same way. In addition, all ISO-A-, ISO-B-, ISO-C- and
ISO-D-formats are supported and derived from their basic sizes A0, B0,
C0 and D0.  They may be selected directly with options
\Option{a0paper}, \Option{a1paper} and so on. Landscape orientation is
selected with the \Option{landscape}-option just as in the standard
classes.

Alternatively the paper size can be adjusted with the macro
\Macro{isopaper}. This however required re-calculation of the
text layout with \Macro{typearea} or \Macro{areaset}. I do not
recommend the use of \Macro{isopaper}.

\begin{Example}
 Assume you want to print on ISO-A8 file cards in landscape
 orientation. Borders should be very small, no header or footer
 will be used.
\begin{verbatim}
  \documentclass{article}
  \usepackage[headexclude,footexclude,
              a8paper,landscape]{typearea}
  \areaset{7cm}{5cm}
  \pagestyle{empty}
  \begin{document}
  \section*{Paper-size Options}
  letterpaper, legalpaper, executivepaper, a0paper,
  a1paper \dots\ b0paper, b1paper \dots\ c0paper,
  c1paper \dots\ d0paper, d1paper \dots
  \end{document}
\end{verbatim}
\end{Example}

All \Option{a\Var{X}paper}-, \Option{b\Var{X}paper}-,
\Option{c\Var{X}paper}- and \Option{d\Var{X}paper}-options need
to be given as class options when \KOMAScript{} classes are used.
For other classes this works only if they support
\Package{typearea}. For the standard \LaTeX-classes these options
need to be declared when \Package{typearea} is loaded.
\Macro{PassOptionsToPackage} (see \cite{latex:clsguide}) works in
both cases.
%
\EndIndex{Option}{letterpaper}
\EndIndex{Option}{legalpaper}
\EndIndex{Option}{executivepaper}
\EndIndex{Option}{a0paper}
\EndIndex{Option}{b0paper}
\EndIndex{Option}{c0paper}
\EndIndex{Option}{d0paper}
\EndIndex{Option}{landscape}
\EndIndex{Cmd}{isopaper}

\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{paperwidth}\\
  \Macro{paperheight}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{paperwidth}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{paperheight}%
Particularly exotic paper sizes can be defined using the lengths
\Macro{paperwidth} and \Macro{paperheight}.
This requires the re-calculation of the text layout using the
commands \Macro{typearea} or \Macro{areaset}.
%
\begin{Example}
Assume you want to print on endless paper with the dimensions
\(8\frac{1}{4}\Unit{inch} \times 12\Unit{inch}\). This format is
not directly supported by \Package{typearea}. Thus you have to
define it befor calculating the text layout:
\begin{verbatim}
  \documentclass{article}
  \usepackage{typearea}
  \setlength{\paperwidth}{8.25in}
  \setlength{\paperheight}{12in}
  \typearea{1}
\end{verbatim}
\end{Example}
\EndIndex{Cmd}{paperheight}
\EndIndex{Cmd}{paperwidth}

\begin{Declaration}
  \Option{dvips}\\
  \Option{pdftex}\\
  \Option{pagesize}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Option}{dvips}%
\BeginIndex{Option}{pdftex}%
\BeginIndex{Option}{pagesize}%
\begin{Explain}%
  These mechanisms will set internal \LaTeX{} dimensions to values that
  header, text body and footer can be printed on paper of the given
  size. However, the specifications of the DVI-format\index{DVI} do
  not allow the paper format to be specified. If DVI is translated
  directly into a low level printer language like PCL (Hewlett-Packard
  printers) or Esc-P (Epson), this is usually not important, because
  in all these cases the origin is the upper left corner.  If however
  the DVI-source is translated into languages like
  PostScript\Index{PostScript} or PDF\Index{PDF}, that have an origin
  in a different position and also contain the paper size explicitly,
  the required information is not available in the DVI-file. To solve
  this problem the DVI-driver will use the default paper size, which
  the user may set per option or in the \TeX-source. In case of the
  DVI-driver \File{dvips} this can be done with a
  \Macro{special}-command. For {pdf\TeX} two dimensions are set
  instead.
\end{Explain}
The option \Option{dvips} writes the paper size as a \Macro{special}
into the DVI-file. This macro is then evaluated by \File{dvips}.
\Option{pdftex} on the other hand writes the paper size into the
pdf\TeX{} page register at the beginning of the document, so that the
correct paper size is used when the resulting PDF-file is viewed or
printed.  The option \Option{pagesize} is more flexible and uses the
correct mechanism if either a PDF- or DVI-file is produced.
%
\begin{Example}
  Assume you want to create a DVI-file from a document and an
  online version in PDF. Then the preamble could look like this:
  \begin{small}
\begin{verbatim}
  \documentclass{article}
  \usepackage[a4paper,pagesize]{typearea}
\end{verbatim}
  \end{small}
  If the file is run through {pdf\TeX} then the lengths
  \Macro{pdfpagewidth} and \Macro{pdfpageheight} will be set to
  appropriate values. If on the other hand you create a DVI-file --
  either with {\LaTeX} or {pdf\LaTeX} -- a \Macro{special} will be
  written to the beginning of the file.
\end{Example}\IndexCmd{pdfpagewidth}\IndexCmd{pdfpagehight}
\EndIndex{Option}{dvips}%
\EndIndex{Option}{pdftex}%
\EndIndex{Option}{pagesize}%

\section{Odd bits without direct relevance to text layout}
\label{sec:typearea.else}

\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{ifpdfoutput}\Parameter{then}\Parameter{else}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{ifpdfoutput}%
Sometimes it would be nice if certain things would be done
differently in a file, depending on output format. \TeX{} normally
uses DVI as output format. With {pdf\TeX} however we now have the
option to create PDF-files directly. The command
\Macro{ifpdfoutput} is a branching command. If PDF-output is
active, the \PName{then} branch will be executed, if PDF-output
is inactive or {pdf\TeX} is not used at all, the
\PName{else} branch.
\begin{Example}
  As you may know {pdf\LaTeX} will produce a DVI-file instead of a
  PDF-file, if the counter \Macro{pdfoutput} is assigned the value 0.
  Only is the counter is assigned a value different from 0 output is
  switched to PDF. Since \Macro{pdfoutput} is unknown when {\LaTeX} is
  used instead of {pdf\LaTeX}, \Macro{pdfoutput} can not be set to 0
  generally, if you want DVI-output. A simple solution to this problem
  is to execute following command:
  \begin{small}
\begin{verbatim}
  \ifpdfoutput{\pdfoutput=0}{}
\end{verbatim}
  \end{small}
  This only works after loading \Package{typearea} package. If you
  want the line above to be executed after af package, which set's
  \Macro{pdfoutput} to 1 whenever the counter exist, you may combine
  it with the \Macro{AfterPackage}\IndexCmd{AfterPackage} command
  from \Package{scrlfile} package (see \autoref{cha:scrlfile}).
\end{Example}\IndexCmd{pdfoutput}
\EndIndex{Cmd}{ifpdfoutput}

\section{Local defaults in the file \File{typearea.cfg}}
\label{sec:typearea.cfg} 
Even before the packet options are used, \Package{typearea} will check
for the presence of the file
\File{typearea.cfg}\IndexFile{typearea.cfg} and, if found, load it.
Thus it is possble to define in this file the parameters for
additional paper sizes.

\begin{Declaration}
  \Macro{SetDIVList}\Parameter{List}
\end{Declaration}%
\BeginIndex{Cmd}{SetDIVList}%
\begin{Explain}%
  The \Macro{SetDIVList}-parameter was also intended for use in this
  file. Befor the option \Option{DIVcalc} was introduced this was the
  only possibility to define \Var{DIV}-values for different paper and
  font sizes. This list consists of a number of values in curly
  parenthesis. The leftmost value is the font size, \(10\Unit{pt}\),
  the next for \(11\Unit{pt}\), the third for \(12\Unit{pt}\) and so
  on. If you don't use \Macro{SetDIVList} the predefined
  \Macro{SetDIVList}%
  \PParameter{\PParameter{8}\PParameter{10}\PParameter{12}} will be
  used. If no default value is given for a particular font size,
  \(10\) will be used.
\end{Explain}

This command should no longer be used, automatic calculation of text
layout is recommended instead (see
\autoref{sec:typearea.options}).
%
\EndIndex{Cmd}{SetDIVList}

\section{Hints}
\label{sec:typearea.tips}
\begin{Explain}
In particular for thesis many rules exist that violate even the
most elementary rules of typography. The reasons for such rules
include typographical incompetence of those making them, but also
the fact that they were originally meant for mechanical
typewriters. With a typewriter or a primitive text processor
dating back to the early ´80s it is not possible to produce
typographically correct output without extreme effort.
Thus rules were created that appeared to be achievable and still
allowed easy correction. To avoid short lines made worse by
ragged margins the borders were kept narrow, and the line spacing
increased to 1.5 for corrections. In a single spaced document
even correction signs would have been difficult to add.
When computers became widely available for text processing, some
students tried to use a particularly ``nice'' font to make their
work look better than it really was. They forgot however that
such fonts are often more difficult to read and therefore
unsuitable for this purpose. Thus two bread-and-butter fonts
became widely used which neither fit together nor are
particularly suitable for the job. In particular Times is a
relatively narrow font which was developed at the beginning of
the 20$^{th}$ century for the narrow columns of British
newspapers. Modern versions usually are somewhat improved. But
still the Times font required in many rules does not really fit
to the border sizes prescribed.

{\LaTeX} already uses sufficient line spacing, and the borders
are wide enough for corrections. Thus a page will look generous,
even when quite full of text. With \Package{typearea} this is
even more true, especially if the calculation of line length is
left to \Package{typearea} too. For fonts that are sensitive to
long lines the line length can easily be reduced.

To some extend the questionable rules are difficult to implement
in {\LaTeX}. A fixed number of characters per line can be kept
only when a non-proportional font is used. There are very few
good non-proportional fonts around. Hardly a text typeset in this
way looks really good. In many cases font designers try to
increase the  serifes on the `i' or `l' to compensate for the
different character width. This can not work and results in a
fragmented and agitated looking text. If you use {\LaTeX} for
your paper, some of these rules have to be either ignored or at
least interpreted generously. For example you may interpret ``60
characters per line'' not as a fixed, but average or maximal
value.
\end{Explain}

As executed, record regulations are usually meant to obtaining an
useful result even if the author does not know, what to be consider
thereby. Usefully means frequently: readable and correctable.  In my
opinion the type-area of a text set with \LaTeX{} and the
\Package{typearea} package becomes well done from the beginning fair.
Thus if you are confronted with regulations, which deviate obviously
substantially from it, then I recommend to submit a text single dump
to the responsible person and inquire whether it is permitted to
supply the work despite the deviations in this form.  If necessary the
type-area can be moderately adapted by modification of option
\Option{DIV}.  I advise against use of \Macro{areaset} for this
purpose however.  At worst you may use geometry package (see
\cite{package:geometry}), which is not part of \KOMAScript{}, or
change the type-area parameters of \LaTeX.  You may find the values
determined by \Package{typearea} at the log file of your document.
Thus moderate adjustments should be possible.  However absolutely make
sure that the proportions of the text area correspond approximate with
those the page with consideration of the binding correction.

If it should be absolutely necessary to set the text
one-and-a-half-lined then you should not redefine
\Macro{baselinestretch} under any circumstances.  Although this
procedure is recommended very frequently, it is however obsolet since
the introduction of \LaTeXe{} in 1994.  Use at least the instruction
\Macro{linespread}.  I recommend package \Package{setspace} (see
\cite{package:setspace}), which is not part of \KOMAScript.  Also you
should use \Package{typearea} to calculate a new type-area after the
conversion of the line space.  However you should switch back to the
normal line space for the title, better also for the
directories\,---\,as well as the bibliography and the index.  The
\Package{setspace} package offers for this a special environment and
own instructions.

The \Package{typearea} package even with option \Option{DIVcalc}
calculates a very generous text area.  Many conservative typographers
will state that the resulting line length is still excessive. The
calculated \Var{DIV}-value may be found in the \File{log} file to the
respective document.  Thus you can select a smaller value easily after
the first \LaTeX{} run.

The question is asked to me not rarely, why I actually talk section by
section about a type-area calculation, while it would be very many
simpler, only to give you a package, with which one can adjust the
edges as during a text processing.  Often also one states, such a
package would be anyway the better solution, since everyone knew, how
good edges are to be selected, and the edges from {\KOMAScript} anyway
would not be well.  I take the liberty of translating a suitable
quotation from \cite{TYPO:ErsteHilfe}. You may find the original
german words at the german scrguide.

\begin{quote}
  \textsl{The making by oneself is long usually, the results are often
    doubtful, because layman typographers do not see, what is correct
    and cannot not know, on what it important.  Thus one gets
    accustomed to false and bad typography.} [\dots] \textsl{Now the
    objection could come, typography is nevertheless taste thing. If
    it concerned decoration, perhaps one could let apply the argument,
    since it concerns however primarily information with typography,
    errors cannot only disturb, but even cause damage.}
\end{quote}

\section{Autoren}
\label{sec:typearea.authors}
The authors listed below are responsible for this chapter or have
contributed to this chapter in different ways.
% Please use \textit{} for the name of the translator add all the
% names of the untranslated german file. If the translator is the
% main author, simply use \textbf. 
\begin{itemize}
\item Frank Neukam
\item \textbf{Markus Kohm} \TextEMail{Markus.Kohm@gmx.de}
\item Axel Sommerfeldt
\item \textit{Colin Marquardt}
\item \textit{Dr. Engelbert Buxbaum}
\end{itemize}

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