This is Info file kpathsea.info, produced by Makeinfo version 1.68 from
the input file kpathsea.texi.

INFO-DIR-SECTION TeX
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Kpathsea: (kpathsea).                       File lookup along search paths.
* kpsewhich: (kpathsea)Invoking kpsewhich.    TeX file searching.
* mktexmf: (kpathsea)mktex scripts.           MF source generation.
* mktexpk: (kpathsea)mktex scripts.           PK bitmap generation.
* mktextex: (kpathsea)mktex scripts.          TeX source generation.
* mktextfm: (kpathsea)mktex scripts.          TeX font metric generation.
* mktexlsr: (kpathsea)Filename database.      Update ls-R.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

  This file documents the Kpathsea library for path searching.

  Copyright (C) 1993, 94, 95, 96, 97 K. Berry & O. Weber.

  Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.

  Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
permission notice identical to this one.

  Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a
translation approved by the Free Software Foundation.


File: kpathsea.info,  Node: Top,  Next: Introduction,  Up: (dir)

Kpathsea library
****************

  This manual documents how to install and use the Kpathsea library for
filename lookup.  It corresponds to version 3.2, released in October
1997.

* Menu:

* Introduction::                Overview.
* Installation::                Compilation, installation, and bug reporting.

* Path searching::              How filename lookups work.
* TeX support::                 Special support for TeX-related file lookups.

* Programming::                 How to use Kpathsea features in your program.

* Index::                       General index.


File: kpathsea.info,  Node: Introduction,  Next: Installation,  Prev: Top,  Up: Top

Introduction
************

  This manual corresponds to version 3.2 of the Kpathsea library,
released in October 1997.

  The library's fundamental purpose is to return a filename from a list
of directories specified by the user, similar to what shells do when
looking up program names to execute.

  The following software, all of which we maintain, uses this library:

   * Dviljk (see the `dvilj' man page)

   * Dvipsk (*note Introduction: (dvips)Top.)

   * GNU font utilities (*note Introduction: (fontu)Top.)

   * Web2c (*note Introduction: (web2c)Top.)

   * Xdvik (see the `xdvi' man page)

Other software that we do not maintain also uses it.

  We are still actively maintaining the library (and probably always
will be, despite our hopes).  If you have comments or suggestions,
please send them to us (*note Reporting bugs::.).

  We distribute the library under the GNU Library General Public License
(LGPL), with one exception (see below).  In short, this means if you
write a program using the library, you must (offer to) distribute the
source to the library, along with any changes you have made, and allow
anyone to modify the library source and distribute their modifications.
It does not mean you have to distribute the source to your program,
although we hope you will.

  The exception is the part of the file `expand.c' which implements
brace expansion.  We took this from Bash, which is covered by the GNU
General Public License (GPL).  Therefore, if you wish to redistribute
the library under the LGPL, you must remove this code.  (If you write a
replacement we can distribute, we hope you'll share it with us.)  See
the files `COPYING' and `COPYING.LIB' for the text of the GNU licenses.

  If you know enough about TeX to be reading this manual, then you (or
your institution) should consider joining the TeX Users Group (if
you're already a member, great!).  TUG produces the periodical
`TUGboat', sponsors an annual meeting and publishes the proceedings,
and arranges courses on TeX for all levels of users throughout the
world.  Anyway, here is the address:

     TeX Users Group
     P.O. Box 1239
     Three Rivers, CA 93271-1239
     USA
     phone: 1 209 561 0112
     fax: 1 209 561 4584
     email: <tug@tug.org>

* Menu:

* History::


File: kpathsea.info,  Node: History,  Up: Introduction

History
=======

  (This section is for those people who are curious about how the
library came about.)  (If you like to read historical accounts of
software, we urge you to seek out the GNU Autoconf manual and the
"Errors of TeX" paper by Don Knuth, published in `Software--Practice and
Experience' 19(7), July 1989.)

  [Karl writes.]  My first ChangeLog entry for Web2c seems to be
February 1990, but I may have done some work before then.  In any case,
Tim Morgan and I were jointly maintaining it for a time.  (I should
mention here that Tim had made Web2c into a real distribution long
before I had ever used it or even heard of it, and Tom Rokicki did the
original implementation.  I was using `pxp' and `pc' on VAX 11/750's
and the hot new Sun 2 machines.)

  It must have been later in 1990 and 1991 that I started working on
`TeX for the Impatient'. Dvips, Xdvi, Web2c, and the GNU fontutils
(which I was also writing at the time) all used different environment
variables, and, more importantly, had different bugs in their path
searching. This became extremely painful, as I was stressing everything
to the limit working on the book.  I also desperately wanted to
implement subdirectory searching, since I couldn't stand putting
everything in one big directory, and also couldn't stand having to
explicitly specify `cm', `pandora', ... in a path.

  In the first incarnation, I just hacked separately on each
program--that was the original subdirectory searching code in both Xdvi
and Dvips, though I think Paul Vojta has completely rewritten Xdvi's
support by now.  That is, I tried to go with the flow in each program,
rather than changing the program's calling sequences to conform to
common routines.

  Then, as bugs inevitably appeared, I found I was fixing the same thing
three times (Web2c and fontutils were always sharing code, since I
maintained those--there was no Dvipsk or Xdvik or Dviljk at this
point).  After a while, I finally started sharing source files.  They
weren't yet a library, though.  I just kept things up to date with shell
scripts.  (I was developing on a 386 running ISC 2.2 at the time, and so
didn't have symbolic links.  An awful experience.)

  The ChangeLogs for Xdvik and Dvipsk record initial releases of those
distributions in May and June 1992.  I think it was because I was tired
of the different configuration strategies of each program, not so much
because of the path searching.  (Autoconf was being developed by David
MacKenzie and others, and I was adapting it to TeX and friends.)

  I started to make a separate library that other programs could link
with on my birthday in April 1993, according to the ChangeLog.  I don't
remember exactly why I finally took the time to make it a separate
library; a conversation with david zuhn that initiated it.  Just seemed
like it was time.

  Dviljk got started in March 1994 after I bought a Laserjet 4.
(Kpathsea work got suspended while Norm Walsh and I, with Gustaf
Neumann's help, implemented a way for TeX to get at all those neat
builtin LJ4 fonts ... such a treat to have something to typeset in
besides Palatino!)

  By spring of 1995, I had implemented just about all the path-searching
features in Kpathsea that I plan to, driven beyond my initial goals by
Thomas Esser and others.  I then started to integrate Web2c with
Kpathsea. After the release of a stable Web2c, I hope to be able to stop
development, and turn most of my attention back to making fonts for GNU.
(Always assuming Micros**t hasn't completely obliterated Unix by then,
or that software patents haven't stopped software development by anybody
smaller than a company with a million-dollar-a-year legal budget.  Which
is actually what I think is likely to happen, but that's another
story...)

  [Olaf writes.]  At the end of 1997, UNIX is still alive and kicking,
individuals still develop software, and Web2c development still
continues.  Karl had been looking for some time for someone to take up
part of the burden, and I volunteered.


File: kpathsea.info,  Node: Installation,  Next: Path searching,  Prev: Introduction,  Up: Top

Installation
************

  (A copy of this chapter is in the distribution file
`kpathsea/INSTALL'.)

  The procedure for Kpathsea (and Web2c, etc.) configuration and
installation follows.  If you encounter trouble, see *Note Common
problems::, a copy of which is in the file `kpathsea/BUGS'.

* Menu:

* Simple installation::      If you just want to do it.
* Custom installation::      If you want to change things around.
* Security::                 Who can write what files, etc.
* TeX directory structure::  Managing the horde of TeX input files.
* unixtex.ftp::              Getting software via FTP, on CD-ROM, or on tape.
* Reporting bugs::           Where and how to report bugs.


File: kpathsea.info,  Node: Simple installation,  Next: Custom installation,  Up: Installation

Simple installation
===================

  Installing TeX and friends for the first time can be a daunting
experience.  Thus, you may prefer to skip this whole thing and just get
precompiled executables: see *Note unixtex.ftp::.

  This section explains what to do if you wish to take the defaults for
everything, and generally to install in the simplest possible way.  Most
steps here refer to corresponding subsection in the next section which
explains how to override defaults and generally gives more details.

  By default everything will be installed under `/usr/local' and the
following discussion assumes this.  However, if you already have TeX
installed, its location is used to derive the directory under which
everything is to be installed.

  1. Be sure you have enough disk space: approximately 8 megabytes for
     the compressed archives, 15MB for sources, 45MB for compilation,
     40MB for the (initial) installed system (including library files).
     *Note Disk space::.

  2. Retrieve these two distribution archives:
    `ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/texk.tar.gz'
          These are the sources, which you will be compiling.

    `ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/texklib.tar.gz'
          This is a basic set of input files.  You should unpack it in
          the directory `/usr/local/share'; doing so will create a
          `texmf' subdirectory there.

     *Note Kpathsea application distributions::.

  3. When using the default search paths, there is no need to edit any
     distribution files. *Note Changing search paths::.

  4. At the top level of the distribution, run `sh configure'.  (If you
     have the GNU Bash shell installed, run `bash configure'.)  *Note
     Running configure::.

  5. `make'. *Note Running make::.  If you are using a BSD 4.4 system
     such as FreeBSD or NetBSD, use GNU make (often installed in
     `/usr/local/bin'), not the BSD make.

     If you are using a HP-UX 10 system and the native compiler,
     specify the `+u' flag in `XCFLAGS'.

  6. `make install'. *Note Installing files::.

  7. `make distclean'. *Note Cleaning up::.

  8. Set up a cron job to rebuild the filename database that makes
     searching faster.  This line will rebuild it every midnight:
          0 0 * * * cd /usr/local/share/texmf && /BINDIR/mktexlsr
     *Note Filename database generation::, and *Note Filename
     database::.

  9. If you're installing Dvips, you also need to set up configuration
     files for your printers and make any additional PostScript fonts
     available.  *Note Installation: (dvips)Installation.  If you have
     any color printers, see *Note Color device configuration:
     (dvips)Color device configuration.

 10. The first time you run a DVI driver, a bunch of PK fonts will be
     built by Metafont via `mktexpk' (and added to the filename
     database).  This will take some time.  Don't be alarmed; they will
     created only this first time (unless something is wrong with your
     path definitions).

     By default, `mktexpk' will create these fonts in a hierarchy under
     `/var/tmp/texfonts'; it simply assumes that `/var/tmp' exists and
     is globally writable.  If you need a different arrangement, see
     *Note mktex configuration::.

     *Note mktex scripts::.

 11. For some simple tests, try `tex story \\bye' and `latex sample2e'.
     Then run `xdvi story' or `dvips sample2e' on the resulting DVI
     files to preview/print the documents.  *Note Installation
     testing::.


File: kpathsea.info,  Node: Custom installation,  Next: Security,  Prev: Simple installation,  Up: Installation

Custom installation
===================

  Most sites need to modify the default installation procedure in some
way, perhaps merely changing the prefix from `/usr/local', perhaps
adding extra compiler or loader options to work around `configure'
bugs.  This section explains how to override default choices.  For
additional distribution-specific information:
   * `dviljk/INSTALL'.

   * *Note Installation: (dvips)Installation.

   * *Note Installation: (web2c)Installation.

   * `xdvik/INSTALL'.

  These instructions are for Unix systems.  Other operating-system
specific distributions have their own instructions.  The code base
itself supports Amiga, DOS, OS/2, and VMS.

  Following are the same steps as in the previous section (which
describes the simplest installation), but with much more detail.

* Menu:

* Disk space::
* Kpathsea application distributions::
* Changing search paths::
* Running configure::
* Running make::
* Installing files::
* Cleaning up::
* Filename database generation::
* mktex scripts::
* Installation testing::


File: kpathsea.info,  Node: Disk space,  Next: Kpathsea application distributions,  Up: Custom installation

Disk space
----------

  Here is a table showing the disk space needed for each distribution
(described in the next section).  The `(totals)' line reflects the
`texk' source distribution and `texklib'; the individual distributions
don't enter into it.  Sizes are in megabytes.  All numbers are
approximate.

Distribution  .tar.gz  Unpacked  Compiled  Installed  
dviljk        .9       3.8                            
dvipsk        .9       3.2                            
xdvik         .7       2.5                            
web2c         1.3      5.0                            
web           1.9      6.5       -         -          
texk          3.8      14.1      43.1      23.5       
texklib       3.8      15.0      -         15.0       
(totals)      7.6      29.1      43.1      38.5       


File: kpathsea.info,  Node: Kpathsea application distributions,  Next: Changing search paths,  Prev: Disk space,  Up: Custom installation

Kpathsea application distributions
----------------------------------

  The archive `ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/texk.tar.gz' contains all of the
Kpathsea applications I maintain, and the library itself.  For example,
since NeXT does not generally support X11, you'd probably want to skip
`xdvik' (or simply remove it after unpacking `texk.tar.gz'.  If you are
not interested in all of them, you can also retrieve them separately:

`dviljk.tar.gz'
     DVI to PCL, for LaserJet printers.

`dvipsk.tar.gz'
     DVI to PostScript, for previewers, printers, or PDF generation.

`web2c.tar.gz'
     The software needed to compile TeX and friends.

`web.tar.gz'
     The original WEB source files, also used in compilation.

`xdvik.tar.gz'
     DVI previewing under the X window system.

  If you want to use the Babel LaTeX package for support of non-English
typesetting, you may need to retrieve additional files.  See the file
`install.txt' in the Babel distribution.


File: kpathsea.info,  Node: Changing search paths,  Next: Running configure,  Prev: Kpathsea application distributions,  Up: Custom installation

Changing search paths
---------------------

  If the search paths for your installation differ from the standard
TeX directory structure (*note Introduction: (tds)Top.), edit the file
`kpathsea/texmf.in' as desired, before running `configure'.  For
example, if you have all your fonts or macros in one big directory.

  You may also wish to edit the file `mktex.cnf', either before or
after installation, to control various aspects of `mktexpk' and
friends.  *Note mktex configuration::.

  You do not need to edit `texmf.in' to change the default top-level or
other installation *directories* (only the paths).  You can and should
do that when you run `configure' (next step).

  You also do not need to edit `texmf.in' if you are willing to rely on
`texmf.cnf' at runtime to define the paths, and let the compile-time
default paths be incorrect.  Usually there is no harm in doing this.

  The section below explains default generation in more detail.

* Menu:

* Default path features::
* Default path generation::


File: kpathsea.info,  Node: Default path features,  Next: Default path generation,  Up: Changing search paths

Default path features
.....................

  The purpose of having all the different files described in the section
above is to avoid having the same information in more than one place. If
you change the installation directories or top-level prefix at
`configure'-time, those changes will propagate through the whole
sequence.  And if you change the default paths in `texmf.in', those
changes are propagated to the compile-time defaults.

  The Make definitions are all repeated in several Makefile's; but
changing the top-level `Makefile' should suffice, as it passes down all
the variable definitions, thus overriding the submakes.  (The
definitions are repeated so you can run Make in the subdirectories, if
you should have occasion to.)

  By default, the bitmap font paths end with `/$MAKETEX_MODE', thus
including the device name (usually a Metafont mode name such as
`ljfour').  This distinguishes two different devices with the same
resolution--a write/white from a write/black 300dpi printer, for
example.

  However, since most sites don't have this complication, Kpathsea
(specifically, the `kpse_init_prog' function in `kpathsea/proginit.c')
has a special case: if the mode has not been explicitly set by the user
(or in a configuration file), it sets `MAKETEX_MODE' to `/'.  This
makes the default PK path, for example, expand into `.../pk//', so
fonts will be found even if there is no subdirectory for the mode (if
you arranged things that way because your site has only one printer,
for example) or if the program is mode-independent (e.g., `pktype').

  To make the paths independent of the mode, simply edit `texmf.in'
before installation, or the installed `texmf.cnf', and remove the
`$MAKETEX_MODE'.

  *Note mktex script arguments::, for how this interacts with `mktexpk'.

  *Note TeX directory structure: TeX directory structure, for a
description of the default arrangement of the input files that comprise
the TeX system.  The file `kpathsea/HIER' is a copy of that section.


File: kpathsea.info,  Node: Default path generation,  Prev: Default path features,  Up: Changing search paths

Default path generation
.......................

  This section describes how the default paths are constructed.

  You may wish to ignore the whole mess and simply edit `texmf.cnf'
after it is installed, perhaps even copying it into place beforehand so
you can complete the installation, if it seems necessary.

  To summarize the chain of events that go into defining the default
paths:

  1. `configure' creates a `Makefile' from each `Makefile.in'.

  2. When Make runs in the `kpathsea' directory, it creates a file
     `texmf.sed' that substitutes the Make value of `$(var)' for a
     string `@var@'.  The variables in question are the one that define
     the installation directories.

  3. `texmf.sed' (together with a little extra magic--see
     `kpathsea/Makefile') is applied to `texmf.in' to generate
     `texmf.cnf'.  This is the file that will eventually be installed
     and used.

  4. The definitions in `texmf.cnf' are recast as C `#define''s in
     `paths.h'.  These values will be the compile-time defaults; they
     are not used at runtime unless no `texmf.cnf' file can be found.

     (That's a lie: the compile-time defaults are what any extra :'s in
     `texmf.cnf' expand into; but the paths as distributed have no extra
     :'s, and there's no particular reason for them to.)


File: kpathsea.info,  Node: Running configure,  Next: Running make,  Prev: Changing search paths,  Up: Custom installation

Running `configure'
-------------------

  Run `sh configure OPTIONS' (in the top-level directory, the one
containing `kpathsea/'), possibly using a shell other than `sh' (*note
configure shells::.).

  `configure' adapts the source distribution to the present system via
`#define''s in `*/c-auto.h', which are created from the corresponding
`c-auto.in'.  It also creates a `Makefile' from the corresponding
`Makefile.in', doing `@VAR@' and `ac_include' substitutions).

  `configure' is the best place to control the configuration,
compilation, and installed location of the software, either via
command-line options, or by setting environment variables before
invoking it.  For example, you can disable `mktexpk' by default with
the option `--disable-mktexpk'.  *Note configure options::.

* Menu:

* configure shells::
* configure options::
* configure environment::
* configure scenarios::
* Shared library::


File: kpathsea.info,  Node: configure shells,  Next: configure options,  Up: Running configure

`configure' shells
..................

  If you have Bash, the GNU shell, use it if `sh' runs into trouble
(*note Top: (features)Top.).

  Most Bourne shell variants other than Bash cannot handle `configure'
scripts as generated by GNU Autoconf (*note Introduction:
(autoconf)Top.).  Specifically:
`ksh'
     The Korn shell may be installed as `/bin/sh' on AIX.  `/bin/bsh'
     may serve instead.

`ash'
     Ash is sometimes installed as `/bin/sh' on NetBSD, FreeBSD, and
     Linux systems.  `/bin/bash' should be available.

`Ultrix /bin/sh'
     `/bin/sh' under Ultrix is a DEC-grown shell that is notably
     deficient in many ways.  `/bin/sh5' may be necessary.


File: kpathsea.info,  Node: configure options,  Next: configure environment,  Prev: configure shells,  Up: Running configure

`configure' options
...................

  For a complete list of all `configure' options, run `configure
--help' or see *Note Running `configure' scripts: (autoconf)Invoking
configure, (a copy is in the file `kpathsea/README.CONFIGURE').  The
generic options are listed first in the `--help' output, and the
package-specific options come last.  The environment variables
`configure' pays attention to are listed below.

  Options particularly likely to be useful are `--prefix', `--datadir',
and the like; see *Note configure scenarios::.

  This section gives pointers to descriptions of the `--with' and
`--enable' options to `configure' that Kpathsea-using programs accept.

`--without-mktexmf-default'
`--without-mktexpk-default'
`--without-mktextfm-default'
`--with-mktextex-default'
     Enable or disable the dynamic generation programs.  *Note mktex
     configuration::.

`--enable-shared'
     Build Kpathsea as a shared library, and link against it.  Also
     build the usual static library.  *Note Shared library::.

`--disable-static'
     Build only the shared library.   Implies `--enable-shared'.

`--enable-maintainer-mode'
     Enables make targets that are useful for the maintainer and likely
     to be a pain for anyone else; the makefiles created when this
     option is enabled may not work at all for you.  You have been
     warned.


File: kpathsea.info,  Node: configure environment,  Next: configure scenarios,  Prev: configure options,  Up: Running configure

`configure' environment
.......................

  `configure' uses the value of the following environment variables in
determining your system's characteristics, and substitutes for them in
Makefile's:

`CC'
     The compiler to use: default is `gcc' if it's installed, otherwise
     `cc'.

`CFLAGS'
     Options to give the compiler: default is `-g -O2' for `gcc', `-g'
     otherwise.  `CFLAGS' comes after any other options.  You may need
     to include `-w' here if your compilations commonly have useless
     warnings (e.g., `NULL redefined'), or `configure' may fail to
     detect the presence of header files (it takes the messages on
     standard error to mean the header file doesn't exist).

`CPPFLAGS'
     Options to pass to the compiler preprocessor; this matters most for
     configuration, not the actual source compilation.  The `configure'
     script often does only preprocessing (e.g., to check for the
     existence of #include files), and `CFLAGS' is not used for this.
     You may need to set this to something like
     `-I/usr/local/include/wwwhatever' if you have the libwww library
     installed for hyper-xdvik (see `xdvik/INSTALL').

`DEFS'
     Additional preprocessor options, but not used by `configure'.
     Provided for enabling or disabling program features, as documented
     in the various program-specific installation instructions.  `DEFS'
     comes before any compiler options included by the distribution
     `Makefile's or by `configure'.

`LDFLAGS'
     Additional options to give to the loader.  `LDFLAGS' comes before
     any other linker options.

`LIBS'
     Additional libraries to link with.


File: kpathsea.info,  Node: configure scenarios,  Next: Shared library,  Prev: configure environment,  Up: Running configure

`configure' scenarios
.....................

  Here are some common installation scenarios:

   * Including X support in Metafont.  This is disabled by default,
     since many sites have no use for it, and it's a leading cause of
     configuration problems.
          configure --with-x

   * Putting the binaries, TeX files, GNU info files, etc. into a single
     TeX hierarchy, say `/here/texmf', requires overriding defaults in
     `configure':
          configure --prefix=/here/texmf --datadir=/here

   * You can compile on multiple architectures simultaneously either by
     building symbolic link trees with the `lndir' script from the X11
     distribution, or with the `--srcdir' option:
          configure --srcdir=SRCDIR

   * If you are installing binaries for multiple architectures into a
     single hierarchy, you will probably want to override the default
     `bin' and `lib' directories, something like this:
          configure --prefix=TEXMF --datadir=TEXMF \
            --bindir=TEXMF/ARCH/bin --libdir=TEXMF/ARCH/lib
          make texmf=TEXMF
      (Unless you make provisions for architecture-specific files in
     other ways, e.g., with Depot or an automounter.)

   * To compile with optimization (to compile without debugging, remove
     the `-g'):
          env CFLAGS="-g -O" sh configure ...
      For a potential problem if you optimize, see *Note TeX or
     Metafont failing: TeX or Metafont failing.


File: kpathsea.info,  Node: Shared library,  Prev: configure scenarios,  Up: Running configure

Shared library
..............

  You can compile Kpathsea as a shared library on a few systems, by
specifying the option `--enable-shared' when you run `configure'.

  The main advantage in doing this is that the executables can then
share the code, thus decreasing memory and disk space requirements.

  On some systems, you can record the location of shared libraries in a
binary, usually by giving certain options to the linker.  Then
individual users do not need to set their system's environment variable
(e.g., `LD_LIBRARY_PATH') to find shared libraries.  If you want to do
this, you will need to add the necessary options to `LDFLAGS' yourself;
for example, on Solaris, include something like `-R${prefix}/lib', on
IRIX or Linux, use `-rpath${prefix}/lib'.  (Unfortunately, making this
happen by default is very difficult, because of interactions with an
existing installed shared library.)

  Currently, shared library support is implemented only on Linux, SunOS
4 (Solaris 1), SunOS 5 (Solaris 2), IRIX 5, and IRIX 6.  If you're
interested and willing in adding support for other systems, please see
the `configure' mode in the `klibtool' script, especially the
host-specific case statement around line 250.


File: kpathsea.info,  Node: Running make,  Next: Installing files,  Prev: Running configure,  Up: Custom installation

Running `make'
--------------

  `make' (still in the top-level directory).  This also creates the
`texmf.cnf' and `paths.h' files that define the default search paths,
and (by default) the `plain' and `latex' TeX formats.

  You can override directory names and other values at `make'-time.
`make/paths.make' lists the variables most commonly reset.  For
example, `make default_texsizes=600' changes the list of fallback
resolutions.

  You can also override each of `configure''s environment variables
(*note configure environment::.).  The Make variables have the same
names.

  Finally, you can supply additional options via the following
variables.  (`configure' does not use these.)

`XCPPFLAGS'
`XDEFS'
     Preprocessor options.

`XCFLAGS'
     Compiler options.

`XLDFLAGS'
     Loader options (included at beginning of link commands).

`XLOADLIBES'
     More loader options (included at end of link commands).

`XMAKEARGS'
     Additional Make arguments passed to all sub-`make''s. You may need
     to include assignments to the other variables here via `XMAKEARGS';
     for example: `make XMAKEARGS="CFLAGS=-O XDEFS=-DA4"'.

  It's generally a bad idea to use a different compiler (`CC') or
libraries (`LIBS') for compilation than you did for configuration,
since the values `configure' determined may then be incorrect.

  Adding compiler options to change the "universe" you are using
(typically BSD vs. system V) is generally a cause of trouble.  It's
best to use the native environment, whatever that is; `configure' and
the software usually adapt best to that.  In particular, under Solaris
2.x, you should not use the BSD-compatibility library (`libucb') or
include files (`ucbinclude').

  If you want to use the Babel LaTeX package for support of non-English
typesetting, you need to modify some files before making the LaTeX
format.  See the file `install.txt' in the Babel distribution.


File: kpathsea.info,  Node: Installing files,  Next: Cleaning up,  Prev: Running make,  Up: Custom installation

Installing files
----------------

  The basic command is the usual `make install'.  For security issues,
*note Security::..

  The first time you install any manual in the GNU Info system, you
should add a line (you choose where) to the file `dir' in your
`$(infodir)' directory.  Sample text for this is given near the top of
the Texinfo source files (`kpathsea/kpathsea.texi',
`dvipsk/dvips.texi', and `web2c/doc/web2c.texi').  If you have a recent
version of the GNU Texinfo distribution installed
(`ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/texinfo-3.9.tar.gz' or later), this
should happen automatically.

  On the offchance that this is your first Info installation, the `dir'
file I use is included in the distribution as `etc/dir-example'.

  You may wish to use one of the following targets, especially if you
are installing on multiple architectures:
   * `make install-exec' to install in architecture-dependent
     directories, i.e., ones that depend on the `$(exec_prefix)' Make
     variable.  This includes links to binaries, libraries, etc., not
     just "executables".

   * `make install-data' to install in architecture-independent
     directories, such as documentation, configuration files, pool
     files, etc.

  If you use the Andrew File System, the normal path (e.g., PREFIX/bin)
only gets you to a read-only copy of the files, and you must specify a
different path for installation.  The best way to do this is by setting
the `prefix' variable on the `make' command line.  The sequence becomes
something like this:
     configure --prefix=/whatever
     make
     make install prefix=/afs/.SYSTEM.NAME/system/1.3/@sys/whatever
   With AFS, you will definitely want to use relative filenames in
`ls-R' (*note Filename database::.), not absolute filenames.  This is
done by default, but check anyway.


File: kpathsea.info,  Node: Cleaning up,  Next: Filename database generation,  Prev: Installing files,  Up: Custom installation

Cleaning up
-----------

The basic command is `make distclean'.  This removes all files created
by the build.

  Alternatively,
   * `make mostlyclean' if you intend to compile on another
     architecture.  For Web2C, since the generated C files are portable,
     they are not removed.  If the `lex' vs. `flex' situation is going
     to be different on the next machine, `rm web2c/lex.yy.c'.

   * `make clean' to remove files created by compiling, but leave
     configuration files and Makefiles.

   * `make maintainer-clean' to remove everything that the Makefiles can
     rebuild.  This is more than `distclean' removes, and you should
     only use it if you are thoroughly conversant with (and have the
     necessary versions of) Autoconf.

   * `make extraclean' to remove other junk, e.g., core files, log
     files, patch rejects.  This is independent of the other `clean'
     targets.


File: kpathsea.info,  Node: Filename database generation,  Next: mktex scripts,  Prev: Cleaning up,  Up: Custom installation

Filename database generation
----------------------------

  You will probably want to set up a `cron' entry on the appropriate
machine(s) to rebuild the filename database nightly or so, as in:
     0 0 * * * cd TEXMF && /BINDIR/mktexlsr
   *Note Filename database::.

Although the `mktex...' scripts make every effort to add newly-created
files on the fly, it can't hurt to make sure you get a fresh version
every so often.


File: kpathsea.info,  Node: mktex scripts,  Next: Installation testing,  Prev: Filename database generation,  Up: Custom installation

`mktex' scripts
---------------

  If Kpathsea cannot otherwise find a file, for some file types it is
configured by default to invoke an external program to create it
dynamically (*note mktex configuration::.).  This is most useful for
fonts (bitmaps, TFM's, and arbitrarily-sizable Metafont sources such as
the Sauter and EC fonts), since any given document can use fonts never
before referenced.  Trying to build all fonts in advance is therefore
impractical, if not impossible.

  The script is passed the name of the file to create and possibly other
arguments, as explained below.  It must echo the full pathname of the
file it created (and nothing else) to standard output; it can write
diagnostics to standard error.

* Menu:

* mktex configuration::
* mktex script names::
* mktex script arguments::


File: kpathsea.info,  Node: mktex configuration,  Next: mktex script names,  Up: mktex scripts

`mktex' configuration
.....................

  The following file types can run an external program to create missing
files: `pk', `tfm', `mf', `tex'; the scripts are named `mktexpk',
`mktextfm', `mktexmf', and `mktextex'.

  In the absence of `configure' options specifying otherwise,
everything but `mktextex' will be enabled by default. The `configure'
options to change the defaults are:

     --without-mktexmf-default
     --without-mktexpk-default
     --without-mktextfm-default
     --with-mktextex-default

  The `configure' setting is overridden if the environment variable or
configuration file value named for the script is set; e.g., `MKTEXPK'
(*note mktex script arguments::.).

  As distributed, all the scripts source a file `texmf/web2c/mktex.cnf'
if it exists, so you can override various defaults.  See `mktex.opt',
for instance, which defines the default mode, resolution, some special
directory names, etc.  If you prefer not to change the distributed
scripts, you can simply create `mktex.cnf' with the appropriate
definitions (you do not need to create it if you have nothing to put in
it).  `mktex.cnf' has no special syntax; it's an arbitrary Bourne shell
script.  The distribution contains a sample `mktex.cnf' for you to copy
and modify as you please (it is not installed anywhere).

  In addition, you can configure a number of features with the
`MT_FEATURES' variable, which you can define:
   * in `mktex.opt', as just mentioned;

   * by editing the file `mktex.opt', either before `make install' (in
     the source hierarchy) or after (in the installed hierarchy);

   * or in the environment.

  If none of the options below are enabled, `mktexpk', `mktextfm', and
`mktexmf' follow the following procedure to decide where fonts should
be installed.  Find the tree where the font's sources are, and test the
permissions of the `fonts' directory of that tree to determine whether
it is writable.  If it is, put the files in the tree in appropriate
locations.  If it isn't writable, see whether the tree is a system tree
(named in `SYSTEXMF').  If so, the `VARTEXFONTS' tree is used.  In all
other cases the working directory is used.

  The `appendonlydir' option is enabled by default.

`appendonlydir'
     Tell `mktexdir' to create directories append-only, i.e., set their
     sticky bit (*note Mode Structure: (fileutils)Mode Structure.).
     This feature is silently ignored on non-Unix platforms (e.g.
     Windows/NT and MS-DOS) which don't support similar functionality.
     This feature is enabled by default.

`dosnames'
     Use 8.3 names; e.g., `dpi600/cmr10.pk' instead of `cmr10.600pk'.
     Note that this feature only affects filenames that would otherwise
     clash with other TeX-related filenames; `mktex' scripts do nothing
     about filenames which exceed the 8+3 MS-DOS limits but remain
     unique when truncated (by the OS) to these limits, and nether do
     the scripts care about possible clashes with files which aren't
     related with TeX.  For example, `cmr10.600pk' would clash with
     `cmr10.600gf' and is therefore changed when `dosnames' is in
     effect, but `mf.pool' and `mp.base' don't clash with any
     TeX-related files and are therefore unchanged.

     This feature is turned on by default on MS-DOS.  If you do not wish
     `dosnames' to be set on an MS-DOS platform, you need to set the
     `MT_FEATURES' environment variable to a value that doesn't include
     `dosnames'.  You can also change the default setting by editing
     `mktex.opt', but only if you use the `mktex' shell scripts; the
     emulation programs don't consult `mktex.opt'.

`fontmaps'
     Instead of deriving the location of a font in the destination tree
     from the location of the sources, the aliases and directory names
     from the Fontname distribution are used. (*note Introduction:
     (fontname)Top.).

`nomode'
     Omit the directory level for the mode name; this is fine as long as
     you generate fonts for only one mode.

`stripsupplier'
     Omit the font supplier name directory level.

`striptypeface'
     Omit the font typeface name directory level.

`strip'
     Omit the font supplier and typeface name directory levels.  This
     feature is deprecated in favour of `stripsupplier' and
     `striptypeface'.

`varfonts'
     When this option is enabled, fonts that would otherwise be written
     in system texmf tree go to the `VARTEXFONTS' tree instead.  The
     default value in `kpathsea/Makefile.in' is `/var/tmp/texfonts'.
     The `Linux File System Standard' recommends `/var/tex/fonts'.

     The `varfonts' setting in `MT_FEATURES' is overridden by the
     `USE_VARTEXFONTS' environment variable: if set to `1', the feature
     is enabled, and if set to `0', the feature is disabled.


File: kpathsea.info,  Node: mktex script names,  Next: mktex script arguments,  Prev: mktex configuration,  Up: mktex scripts

`mktex' script names
....................

  The following table shows the default name of the script for each
possible file types.  (The source is the variable `kpse_make_specs' in
`kpathsea/tex-make.c'.)

`mktexpk'
     Glyph fonts.

`mktextex'
     TeX input files.

`mktexmf'
     Metafont input files.

`mktextfm'
     TFM files.

These names are overridden by an environment variable specific to the
program--for example, `DVIPSMAKEPK' for Dvipsk.

  If a `mktex...' script fails, the invocation is appended to a file
`missfont.log' (by default) in the current directory.  You can then
execute the log file to create the missing files after fixing the
problem.

  If the current directory is not writable and the environment variable
or configuration file value `TEXMFOUTPUT' is set, its value is used.
Otherwise, nothing is written.  The name `missfont.log' is overridden
by the `MISSFONT_LOG' environment variable or configuration file value.


File: kpathsea.info,  Node: mktex script arguments,  Prev: mktex script names,  Up: mktex scripts

`mktex' script arguments
........................

  The first argument to a `mktex' script is always the name of the file
to be created.

  In the default `mktexpk' implementation, additional arguments may
also be passed:

`--dpi NUM'
     Sets the resolution of the generated font to NUM.

`--mfmode NAME'
     Sets the Metafont mode to NAME.

`--bdpi NUM'
     Sets the the "base dpi" for the font.  This must match the mode
     being used.

`--mag STRING'
     A "magstep" string suitable for the Metafont `mag' variable.  This
     must match the combination of BDPI and DPI being used.

`--destdir STRING'
     A directory name. If the directory is absolute, it is used as-is.
     Otherwise, it is appended to the root destination directory set in
     the script.


File: kpathsea.info,  Node: Installation testing,  Prev: mktex scripts,  Up: Custom installation

Installation testing
--------------------

  Besides the tests listed in *Note Simple installation::, you can try
running `make check'.  This includes the torture tests (trip, trap, and
mptrap) that come with Web2c (*note Triptrap: (web2c)Triptrap.).


File: kpathsea.info,  Node: Security,  Next: TeX directory structure,  Prev: Custom installation,  Up: Installation

Security
========

  None of the programs in the TeX system require any special system
privileges, so there's no first-level security concern of people gaining
illegitimate root access.

  A TeX document, however, can write to arbitrary files, e.g.,
`~/.rhosts', and thus an unwitting user who runs TeX on a random
document is vulnerable to a trojan horse attack.  This loophole is
closed by default, but you can be permissive if you so desire in
`texmf.cnf'.  *Note tex invocation: (web2c)tex invocation.  MetaPost has
the same issue.

  Dvips, Xdvi, and TeX can also execute shell commands under some
circumstances.  To disable this, see the `-R' option in *Note Option
details: (dvips)Option details, the xdvi man page, and *Note tex
invocation: (web2c)tex invocation, respectively.

  Another security issue arises because it's very useful--almost
necessary--to make arbitrary fonts on user demand with `mktexpk' and
friends.  Where do these files get installed?  By default, the
`mktexpk' distributed with Kpathsea assumes a world-writable `/var/tmp'
directory; this is a simple and convenient approach, but it may not
suit your situation because it means that a local cache of fonts is
created on every machine.

  To avoid this duplication, many people consider a shared, globally
writable font tree desirable, in spite of the potential security
problems.  To do this you should change the value of `VARTEXFONTS' in
`texmf.cnf' to refer to some globally known directory.  *Note mktex
configuration::.

  The first restriction you can apply is to make newly-created
directories under `texmf' be append-only with an option in `mktex.cnf'.
*Note mktex configuration::.

  Another approach is to establish a group (or user) for TeX files,
make the `texmf' tree writable only to that group (or user), and make
`mktexpk' et al. setgid to that group (or setuid to that user).  Then
users must invoke the scripts to install things.  (If you're worried
about the inevitable security holes in scripts, then you could write a
C wrapper to exec the script.)

  The `mktex...' scripts install files with the same read and write
permissions as the directory they are installed in.  The executable,
sgid, suid, and sticky bits are always cleared.

  Any directories created by the `mktex...' scripts have the same
permissions as their parent directory, unless the `appendonlydir'
feature is used, in which case the sticky bit is always set.


File: kpathsea.info,  Node: TeX directory structure,  Next: unixtex.ftp,  Prev: Security,  Up: Installation

TeX directory structure
=======================

  This section describes the default installation hierarchy of the
distribution.  It conforms to both the GNU coding standards and the TeX
directory structure (TDS) standard.  For rationale and further
explanation, please see those documents.  The GNU standard is available
as `ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/standards/standards.texi' and
mirrors.  The TDS document is available from `CTAN:/tex-archive/tds'
(*note unixtex.ftp::.).

  You can change the default paths in many ways (*note Changing search
paths::.).  One common desire is to put everything (binaries and all)
under a single top-level directory such as `/usr/local/texmf' or
`/opt/texmf'--in the terms used below, make PREFIX and TEXMF the same.
For specific instructions on doing that, see *Note configure
scenarios::.

  Here is a skeleton of the default directory structure, extracted from
the TDS document:

     PREFIX/      installation root (`/usr/local' by default)
      bin/         executables
      man/         man pages
      include/     C header files
      info/        GNU info files
      lib/         libraries (`libkpathsea.*')
      share/       architecture-independent files
       texmf/      TDS root
        bibtex/     BibTeX input files
         bib/        BibTeX databases
          base/       base distribution (e.g., `xampl.bib')
          misc/       single-file databases
          PKG/       name of a package
         bst/        BibTeX style files
          base/       base distribution (e.g., `plain.bst', `acm.bst')
          misc/       single-file styles
          PKG/       name of a package
        doc/         additional documentation
        dvips/       `.pro', `.ps', `psfonts.map'
        fonts/       font-related files
         TYPE/         file type (e.g., `tfm', `pk')
          MODE/          type of output device (types `pk' and `gf' only)
           SUPPLIER/       name of a font supplier (e.g., `public')
            TYPEFACE/        name of a typeface (e.g., `cm')
             dpiNNN/           font resolution (types `pk' and `gf' only)
        metafont/    Metafont (non-font) input files
         base/        base distribution (e.g., `plain.mf')
         misc/        single-file packages (e.g., `modes.mf')
         PKG/           name of a package (e.g., `mfpic')
        metapost/    MetaPost input files
         base/        base distribution (e.g., `plain.mp')
         misc/        single-file packages
         PKG/           name of a package
         support/     support files for MetaPost-related utilities (e.g., `trfonts.map')
        mft/         `MFT' inputs (e.g., `plain.mft')
        tex/         TeX input files
         FORMAT/         name of a format (e.g., `plain')
          base/        base distribution for FORMAT (e.g., `plain.tex')
          misc/        single-file packages (e.g., `webmac.tex')
          local/       local additions to or local configuration files for FORMAT
          PKG/           name of a package (e.g., `graphics', `mfnfss')
         generic/     format-independent packages
          hyphen/      hyphenation patterns (e.g., `hyphen.tex')
          images/      image input files (e.g., Encapsulated PostScript)
          misc/        single-file format-independent packages (e.g., `null.tex').
          PKG/           name of a package (e.g., `babel')
        web2c/        implementation-dependent files (`.pool', `.fmt', `texmf.cnf', etc.)

  Some concrete examples for most file types:

     /usr/local/bin/tex
     /usr/local/man/man1/xdvi.1
     /usr/local/info/kpathsea.info
     /usr/local/lib/libkpathsea.a
     /usr/local/share/texmf/bibtex/bst/base/plain.bst
     /usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/pk/ljfour/public/cm/cmr10.600pk
     /usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/source/public/pandora/pnr10.mf
     /usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/tfm/public/cm/cmr10.tfm
     /usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/type1/adobe/utopia/putr.pfa
     /usr/local/share/texmf/metafont/base/plain.mf
     /usr/local/share/texmf/metapost/base/plain.mp
     /usr/local/share/texmf/tex/plain/base/plain.tex
     /usr/local/share/texmf/tex/generic/hyphen/hyphen.tex
     /usr/local/share/texmf/web2c/tex.pool
     /usr/local/share/texmf/web2c/tex.fmt
     /usr/local/share/texmf/web2c/texmf.cnf


File: kpathsea.info,  Node: unixtex.ftp,  Next: Reporting bugs,  Prev: TeX directory structure,  Up: Installation

`unixtex.ftp': Obtaining TeX
============================

  This is `ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex/unixtex.ftp', last updated 18 March
1998.  Also available as `http://www.tug.org/unixtex.ftp'.  The IP
address is currently `[158.121.106.10]', and the canonical host name is
currently `tug.org'.  It is also in Kpathsea source distributions as
`etc/unixtex.ftp' (although the network version is usually newer).
Mail <kb@mail.tug.org> with comments or questions.

  Following are general instructions for Unix or other sites who wish to
acquire the Web2c distribution, (plain) TeX, LaTeX (2e), BibTeX,
Metafont, MetaPost, DVI processors for the X window system, PostScript,
the PCL language in the HP LaserJet, and related programs.  They are
oriented towards building from the original sources, though some
information on alternative packages is included in the last section.
See also `http://www.tug.org/web2c', the Web2c and Kpathsea home page.

  Please consider joining the TeX Users Group (TUG) to help support the
maintenance and development of the programs you retrieve.  Email
<tug@tug.org> or see `http://www.tug.org' for information and a
membership form.

  For actual installation instructions after obtaining the necessary
sources, see *Note Installation::.  A copy is in the distribution file
`kpathsea/INSTALL'.

* Menu:

* Electronic distribution::  CTAN and so forth.
* CD-ROM distribution::
* Tape distribution::
* Other TeX packages::

